ILO Working Paper 140 (2025): Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Floor laying is skilled physical craft in real buildings. Every floor is unique. The skills shortage is persistent. There is no floor-laying robot.
Floor layers install carpet, hardwood, laminate, LVT, vinyl, and specialist flooring systems in residential and commercial buildings. This is skilled craft work requiring knowledge of materials, subfloor preparation, adhesive systems, and the patience to achieve perfectly flat, smooth results in rooms that are rarely perfectly square or level.
Every floor installation is unique: the specific subfloor condition, the room's shape and size, the position of doorways and thresholds, and the client's specific requirements all determine how the floor is laid. Adapting to these conditions requires the skilled judgment that no robotic system possesses.
Subfloor preparation — screeding, DPM installation, underlayment — is critical to floor quality and also entirely human work. Specialist commercial flooring (sports surfaces, safety flooring, resin floors) requires particular expertise.
The construction boom, home renovation market, and commercial fitout industry are all creating strong flooring demand. Skills shortages are persistent.
These are the genuine threats to this profession. They are real, but they are not sufficient to overturn the fundamental analysis. Here is why.
Put the case that Floor Layer / Flooring Specialist will not survive AI displacement. The system responds with counterarguments from the research base. Strong arguments shift the score — up to a maximum of ±15 points. The system is not an AI. It is a structured argument engine.
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Keep the framework, but add at least one sector-specific source and remove any remaining implied precision.
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This page is grounded in task exposure research and labour-market trend reports, then translated into a reasoned occupation-level argument.
This site now treats exact timelines, total job-loss counts, and regional speed as interpretive estimates unless a cited source states them directly. The argument on this page should be read as a structured forecast, not a guaranteed future.
These impact figures are site estimates for comparison and should not be read as official labour-market counts.
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Finds clerical work is the most highly exposed occupational group and that augmentation is often more likely than full occupation automation.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Shows AI exposure is highest in many white-collar cognitive occupations, while manual occupations tend to have lower exposure.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Advanced economies are more exposed to AI because they have more cognitive-intensive jobs; infrastructure and skills limit adoption elsewhere.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Large-employer survey showing clerical roles among the fastest-declining and care, education, software and green-transition jobs among growth areas.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Notes substantial automation risk remains, while observed labour-market effects remain mixed rather than universally destructive.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Argues advanced economies are better positioned to benefit from AI due to infrastructure, skills, and institutions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗