ILO Working Paper 140 (2025): Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗AI closed-loop insulin management is reducing endocrinologist involvement in routine diabetes management. Complex endocrine disorders and hormone management remain specialist clinical work.
Endocrinologists manage disorders of the hormone system — diabetes (type 1 and 2), thyroid disease, adrenal disorders, pituitary tumours, and reproductive endocrine conditions. AI is advancing most strongly into the diabetes management space.
Closed-loop insulin delivery systems (Medtronic MiniMed 780G, Tandem Control-IQ, Cambridge Artificial Pancreas) automatically adjust insulin delivery to maintain glucose in range 24/7 — dramatically reducing the need for frequent endocrinologist input in stable type 1 diabetes management. This is AI managing a complex physiological system more effectively than human clinical oversight allows.
But the endocrinologist remains essential for: initiating and optimising these complex systems; managing type 1 diabetes in pregnancy (extremely complex); diagnosing and managing rare adrenal, pituitary, and parathyroid disorders; managing thyroid cancer; and providing the specialist expertise for all the non-diabetes endocrine conditions.
Global diabetes epidemic is creating growing overall demand for endocrinologists even as AI reduces the routine management burden.
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This page is grounded in task exposure research and labour-market trend reports, then translated into a reasoned occupation-level argument.
This site now treats exact timelines, total job-loss counts, and regional speed as interpretive estimates unless a cited source states them directly. The argument on this page should be read as a structured forecast, not a guaranteed future.
These impact figures are site estimates for comparison and should not be read as official labour-market counts.
Task-level occupational exposure framework for generative AI, built from expert input and model predictions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Finds clerical work is the most highly exposed occupational group and that augmentation is often more likely than full occupation automation.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Shows AI exposure is highest in many white-collar cognitive occupations, while manual occupations tend to have lower exposure.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Advanced economies are more exposed to AI because they have more cognitive-intensive jobs; infrastructure and skills limit adoption elsewhere.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Large-employer survey showing clerical roles among the fastest-declining and care, education, software and green-transition jobs among growth areas.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Notes substantial automation risk remains, while observed labour-market effects remain mixed rather than universally destructive.
OPEN SOURCE ↗Argues advanced economies are better positioned to benefit from AI due to infrastructure, skills, and institutions.
OPEN SOURCE ↗